Häufig benutzte UNIX / Linux Befehle (incl. Beispiel)

09.12.2021

Dieser Artikel enthält viele praktische Beispiele für die am häufigsten unter Linux / UNIX verwendeten Befehle.

 

0x01. tar Befehls Beispiele

Erstellen eines Tar-Archives tar cvf archive_name.tar dirname/

Dateien aus einem bestehenden Tar-Archiv extrahieren tar xvf archive_name.tar

Ein bestehendes Tar-Archiv ansehen tar tvf archive_name.tar

 

0x02. grep Befehls Beispiele

Suche nach einem vorgegebenen String in einer Datei  (case in-sensitive search). grep -i "the" demo_file

Die gefundene Zeile + 3 Zeilen danach ausgeben grep -A 3 -i "example" demo_text

Suche nach einem String in allen Dateien recursive grep -r "ramesh" *

 

0x03. find Befehls Beispiele

Find files using file-name ( case in-sensitve find) find -iname "MyCProgram.c"

Execute commands on files found by the find command find -iname "MyCProgramcode.c" -exec md5sum {} ;

Find all empty files in home directory find ~ -empty

 

0x04. ssh Befehls Beispiele

Login to remote host ssh -l jsmith remotehost.example.com

Debug ssh client ssh -v -l jsmith remotehost.example.com

Display ssh client version ssh -V OpenSSH_3.9p1, OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 18 2021

 

0x05. sed Befehls Beispiele

When you copy a DOS file to Unix, you could find rn in the end of each line. This example converts the DOS file format to Unix file format using sed command.

sed 's/.$//' filename

Print file content in reverse order sed -n '1!G;h;$p' lxuiotuff.txt

Add line number for all non-empty-lines in a file sed '/./=' lxuiostuff.txt | sed 'N; s/n/ /'

 

0x06. awk Befehls Beispiele

Remove duplicate lines using awk awk '!($0 in array) { array[$0]; print }' temp

Print all lines from /etc/passwd that has the same uid and gid awk -F ':' '$3==$4' passwd.txt

Print only specific field from a file. awk '{print $2,$5;}' employee.txt

 

0x07. vim Befehls Beispiele

Go to the 143rd line of file vim +143 filename.txt

Go to the first match of the specified vim +/search-term filename.txt

Open the file in read only mode. vim -R /etc/passwd

 

0x08. diff Befehls Beispiele

Ignore white space while comparing.

diff -w name_list.txt name_list_new.txt 2c2,3 < John Doe --- > John M Doe

Jason Bourne

 

0x09. sort Befehls Beispiele

Sort a file in ascending order sort names.txt

Sort a file in descending order sort -r names.txt

Sort passwd file by 3rd field. sort -t: -k 3n /etc/passwd | more

0x10. export Befehls Beispiele

To view oracle related environment variables.

export | grep ORACLE
declare -x ORACLE_BASE="/u01/app/oracle"
declare -x ORACLE_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0"
declare -x ORACLE_SID="med"
declare -x ORACLE_TERM="xterm"

To export an environment variable: export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0

0x11. xargs Befehls Beispiele

Copy all images to external hard-drive ls *.jpg | xargs -n1 -i cp {} /external-hard-drive/directory

Search all jpg images in the system and archive it. find / -name *.jpg -type f -print | xargs tar -cvzf images.tar.gz

Download all the URLs mentioned in the url-list.txt file cat url-list.txt | xargs wget –c

0x12. ls Befehls Beispiele

Display filesize in human readable format (e.g. KB, MB etc.,) ls -lh -rw-r----- 1 ramesh team-dev 8.9M Jun 12 15:27 arch-linux.txt.gz

Order Files Based on Last Modified Time (In Reverse Order) Using ls -ltr ls -ltr

Visual Classification of Files With Special Characters Using ls -F ls -F

 

0x13. pwd command

pwd is Print working directory. What else can be said about the good old pwd who has been printing the current directory name for ages.

 

0x14. cd Befehls Beispiele

Use “cd -” to toggle between the last two directories

Use “shopt -s cdspell” to automatically correct mistyped directory names on cd

 

0x15. gzip Befehls Beispiele

To create a *.gz compressed file: gzip test.txt

To uncompress a *.gz file: gzip -d test.txt.gz

Display compression ratio of the compressed file using gzip -l

gzip -l *.gz compressed uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name 23709 97975 75.8% asp-patch-rpms.txt

0x16. bzip2 Befehls Beispiele

To create a *.bz2 compressed file: bzip2 test.txt

To uncompress a *.bz2 file: bzip2 -d test.txt.bz2

0x17. unzip Befehls Beispiele

To extract a *.zip compressed file: unzip test.zip

View the contents of *.zip file (Without unzipping it):

unzip -l jasper.zip
Archive:  jasper.zip
  Length     Date   Time    Name

40995  11-30-98 23:50   META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
32169  08-25-98 21:07   classes_
15964  08-25-98 21:07   classes_names
10542  08-25-98 21:07   classes_ncomp

0x18. shutdown Befehls Beispiele

Shutdown the system and turn the power off immediately. shutdown -h now

Shutdown the system after 10 minutes. shutdown -h +10

Reboot the system using shutdown command. shutdown -r now

Force the filesystem check during reboot. shutdown -Fr now

0x19. ftp Befehls Beispiele

Both ftp and secure ftp (sftp) has similar commands. To connect to a remote server and download multiple files, do the following. ftp IP/hostname ftp> mget *.html

To view the file names located on the remote server before downloading, mls ftp command as shown below.

ftp> mls *.html -
/ftptest/features.html
/ftptest/index.html
/ftptest/othertools.html
/ftptest/samplereport.html
/ftptest/usage.html

0x20. crontab Befehls Beispiele

View crontab entry for a specific user

crontab -u john -l

Schedule a cron job every 10 minutes.

*/10 * * * * /home/ramesh/check-disk-space

 

0x21. service Befehls Beispiele

Service command is used to run the system V init scripts. i.e Instead of calling the scripts located in the /etc/init.d/ directory with their full path, you can use the service command.

Check the status of a service: service ssh status

Check the status of all the services. service --status-all

Restart a service. service ssh restart

0x22. ps Befehls Beispiele

ps command is used to display information about the processes that are running in the system.

While there are lot of arguments that could be passed to a ps command, following are some of the common ones.

To view current running processes.

ps -ef | more

To view current running processes in a tree structure. H option stands for process hierarchy.

ps -efH | more

0x23. free Befehls Beispiele

This command is used to display the free, used, swap memory available in the system.

Typical free command output. The output is displayed in bytes.

free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       3566408    1580220    1986188          0     203988     902960
-/+ buffers/cache:     473272    3093136
Swap:      4000176          0    4000176

If you want to quickly check how many GB of RAM your system has use the -g option. -b option displays in bytes, -k in kilo bytes, -m in mega bytes.

free -g
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:             3          1          1          0          0          0
-/+ buffers/cache:          0          2
Swap:            3          0          3

If you want to see a total memory ( including the swap), use the -t switch, which will display a total line as shown below.

free -t
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       3566408    1592148    1974260          0     204260     912556
-/+ buffers/cache:     475332    3091076
Swap:      4000176          0    4000176
Total:     7566584    1592148    5974436

0x24. top Befehls Beispiele

top command displays the top processes in the system ( by default sorted by cpu usage ). To sort top output by any column, Press O (upper-case O) , which will display all the possible columns that you can sort by as shown below.

Current Sort Field: P for window 1:Def Select sort field via field letter, type any other key to return

  a: PID        = Process Id              v: nDRT       = Dirty Pages count
  d: UID        = User Id                 y: WCHAN      = Sleeping in Function
  e: USER       = User Name               z: Flags      = Task Flags
  ........

To displays only the processes that belong to a particular user use -u option. The following will show only the top processes that belongs to oracle user.

top -u oracle

 

0x25. df Befehls Beispiele

Displays the file system disk space usage. By default df -k displays output in bytes.

df -k
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1             29530400   3233104  24797232  12% /
/dev/sda2            120367992  50171596  64082060  44% /home

df -h displays output in human readable form. i.e size will be displayed in GB’s.

df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1              29G  3.1G   24G  12% /
/dev/sda2             115G   48G   62G  44% /home

Use -T option to display what type of file system.

df -T
Filesystem    Type   1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1     ext4    29530400   3233120  24797216  12% /
/dev/sda2     ext4   120367992  50171596  64082060  44% /home

0x26. kill Befehls Beispiele

Use kill command to terminate a process. First get the process id using ps -ef command, then use kill -9 to kill the running Linux process as shown below. You can also use killall, pkill, xkill to terminate a unix process.

ps -ef | grep vim
	ramesh    7243  7222  9 22:43 pts/2    00:00:00 vim

kill -9 7243

 

0x27. rm Befehls Beispiele

Get confirmation before removing the file. rm -i filename.txt

It is very useful while giving shell metacharacters in the file name argument.

Print the filename and get confirmation before removing the file. rm -i file*

Following example recursively removes all files and directories under the example directory. This also removes the example directory itself.

rm -r example

0x28. cp Befehls Beispiele

Copy file1 to file2 preserving the mode, ownership and timestamp. cp -p file1 file2

Copy file1 to file2. if file2 exists prompt for confirmation before overwritting it. cp -i file1 file2

0x29. mv Befehls Beispiele

Rename file1 to file2. if file2 exists prompt for confirmation before overwritting it.

mv -i file1 file2

Note: mv -f is just the opposite, which will overwrite file2 without prompting.

mv -v will print what is happening during file rename, which is useful while specifying shell metacharacters in the file name argument.

mv -v file1 file2

0x30. cat Befehls Beispiele

You can view multiple files at the same time. Following example prints the content of file1 followed by file2 to stdout. cat file1 file2

While displaying the file, following cat -n command will prepend the line number to each line of the output.

cat -n /etc/logrotate.conf
    1	/var/log/btmp {
    2	    missingok
    3	    monthly
    4	    create 0660 root utmp
    5	    rotate 1
    6	}

0x31. mount Befehls Beispiele

To mount a file system, you should first create a directory and mount it as shown below. mkdir /u01 mount /dev/sdb1 /u01

You can also add this to the fstab for automatic mounting. i.e Anytime system is restarted, the filesystem will be mounted. /dev/sdb1 /u01 ext2 defaults 0 2

0x32. chmod Befehls Beispiele

chmod command is used to change the permissions for a file or directory.

Give full access to user and group (i.e read, write and execute ) on a specific file. chmod ug+rwx file.txt

Revoke all access for the group (i.e read, write and execute ) on a specific file. chmod g-rwx file.txt

Apply the file permissions recursively to all the files in the sub-directories. chmod -R ug+rwx file.txt

 

0x33. chown Befehls Beispiele

chown command is used to change the owner and group of a file.

To change owner to oracle and group to db on a file. i.e Change both owner and group at the same time. chown oracle:dba dbora.sh

Use -R to change the ownership recursively. chown -R oracle:dba /home/oracle

0x34. passwd Befehls Beispiele

Change your password from command line using passwd. This will prompt for the old password followed by the new password.

passwd

Super user can use passwd command to reset others password. This will not prompt for current password of the user. passwd USERNAME

Remove password for a specific user. Root user can disable password for a specific user. Once the password is disabled, the user can login without entering the password. passwd -d USERNAME

0x35. mkdir Befehls Beispiele

Following example creates a directory called temp under your home directory. mkdir ~/temp

Create nested directories using one mkdir command. If any of these directories exist already, it will not display any error. If any of these directories doesn’t exist, it will create them. mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3/dir4/

0x36. ifconfig Befehls Beispiele

Use ifconfig command to view or configure a network interface on the Linux system.

View all the interfaces along with status. ifconfig -a

Start or stop a specific interface using up and down command as shown below. ifconfig eth0 up

ifconfig eth0 down

 

0x37. uname Befehls Beispiele

Uname command displays important information about the system such as — Kernel name, Host name, Kernel release number, Processor type, etc.,

Sample uname output from a Ubuntu laptop is shown below.

uname -a Linux john-laptop 2.6.32-24-generic #41-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 19 01:12:52 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux

0x38. whereis Befehls Beispiele

When you want to find out where a specific Unix command exists (for example, where does ls command exists?), you can execute the following command. whereis ls ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz

When you want to search an executable from a path other than the whereis default path, you can use -B option and give path as argument to it. This searches for the executable lsmk in the /tmp directory, and displays it, if it is available. whereis -u -B /tmp -f lsmk lsmk: /tmp/lsmk

0x39. whatis Befehls Beispiele

Whatis command displays a single line description about a command.

whatis ls ls (1) - list directory contents

whatis ifconfig ifconfig (8) - configure a network interface

0x40. locate Befehls Beispiele

Using locate command you can quickly search for the location of a specific file (or group of files). Locate command uses the database created by updatedb.

The example below shows all files in the system that contains the word crontab in it.

locate crontab
/etc/anacrontab
/etc/crontab
/usr/bin/crontab
/usr/share/doc/cron/examples/crontab2english.pl.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/crontab.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/anacrontab.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/crontab.5.gz
/usr/share/vim/vim72/syntax/crontab.vim

0x41. man Befehls Beispiele

Display the man page of a specific command. man crontab

When a man page for a command is located under more than one section, you can view the man page for that command from a specific section as shown below. man SECTION-NUMBER commandname

Following 8 sections are available in the man page.

  1. General commands
  2. System calls
  3. C library functions
  4. Special files (usually devices, those found in /dev) and drivers
  5. File formats and conventions
  6. Games and screensavers
  7. Miscellaneous
  8. System administration commands and daemons

For example, when you do whatis crontab, you’ll notice that crontab has two man pages (section 1 and section 5). To view section 5 of crontab man page, do the following.

whatis crontab
	crontab (1)          - maintain crontab files for individual users (V3)
	crontab (5)          - tables for driving cron
	man 5 crontab

0x42. tail Befehls Beispiele

Print the last 10 lines of a file by default. tail filename.txt

Print N number of lines from the file named filename.txt tail -n N filename.txt

View the content of the file in real time using tail -f. This is useful to view the log files, that keeps growing. The command can be terminated using CTRL-C. tail -f log-file

 

0x43. less Befehls Beispiele

less is very efficient while viewing huge log files, as it doesn’t need to load the full file while opening. less huge-log-file.log

One you open a file using less command, following two keys are very helpful. CTRL+F – forward one window CTRL+B – backward one window

 

0x44. su Befehls Beispiele

Switch to a different user account using su command. Super user can switch to any other user without entering their password.

su - USERNAME

Execute a single command from a different account name. In the following example, john can execute the ls command as raj username. Once the command is executed, it will come back to john’s account. su - raj -c 'ls'

Login to a specified user account, and execute the specified shell instead of the default shell. su -s 'SHELLNAME' USERNAME

0x45. mysql Befehls Beispiele

mysql is probably the most widely used open source database on Linux. Even if you don’t run a mysql database on your server, you might end-up using the mysql command ( client ) to connect to a mysql database running on the remote server.

To connect to a remote mysql database. This will prompt for a password. mysql -u root -p -h 192.168.1.2

To connect to a local mysql database. mysql -u root -p

If you want to specify the mysql root password in the command line itself, enter it immediately after -p (without any space).

0x46. yum Befehls Beispiele

#To install apache using yum.
yum install httpd

#To upgrade apache using yum.
yum update httpd

#To uninstall/remove apache using yum.
yum remove httpd

0x47. rpm Befehls Beispiele

#To install apache using rpm.
rpm -ivh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm

#To upgrade apache using rpm.
rpm -uvh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm

#To uninstall/remove apache using rpm.
rpm -ev httpd

 

0x48. ping Befehls Beispiele

Ping a remote host by sending only 5 packets. ping -c 5 gmail.com

 

 

0x49. date Befehls Beispiele

Set the system date: date -s "01/31/2010 23:59:53"

Once you’ve changed the system date, you should syncronize the hardware clock with the system date as shown below. hwclock –systohc hwclock --systohc –utc

0x50. wget Befehls Beispiele

The quick and effective method to download software, music, video from internet is using wget command. wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nagios-3.2.1.tar.gz

Download and store it with a different name. wget -O taglist.zip http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=7701

 

“pwd is Print working directory. What else can be said about the good old pwd who has been printing the current directory name for ages.”

Can be said that pwd -P shows the real path if you cd into a link..

 

Example

cd /home/user 
ln -s ./Public ./Pub 
cd Pub 
pwd   /home/user/Pub 
pwd -P   /home/nnsense/Public

 

#!/bin/sh  
cp file.txt temp.txt   n=`cat file.txt | wc -l`      while [ $n -ge 0 ]  
   do
tail -1 temp.txt >> result.txt   sed -i ‘$ d’ temp.txt   n=`expr $n – 1`  
   done  
rm -f temp.txt   cat result.txt

 

Here is a “safe” alternative to sed ‘s/.$//’ filename

which will only remove rn at the end of lines (as “.” matches any character.): perl -pe ‘s/rn$/n/g’ filename Replaces all instances of rn with n

 

How about cpio? Particularly the

find ./ | cpio combo 
   ie:        
find ./ -mount -depth -print | cpio -pdm /destination_dir
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